case studies for several reasons. The matrix then shows that single- and multiple-case studies reflect different design situations and that, within these two variant, there also can be unitary or multiple units of analysis. The case is, “in effect, your unit of analysis” (p. 25). The case is defined by Miles and Huberman (1994) as, “a phenomenon of some sort occurring in a bounded context. One rationale for these designs is to identify an extreme or unique case. A qualitative survey Embedded and holistic case studies — unit of analysis is key Multiple case typologies: can be seen as more robust than individual case studies . Part of the intensity is related to the fact that in case studies, data analysis begins in the field during data collection as notes are recorded, initial interpretations are Units of analysis are the objects of study within a research project. A (VERY) BRIEF REFRESHER ON THE CASE STUDY METHOD 7 study. In sociology, the most common units of analysis are individuals, groups, social interactions, organizations and institutions, and social and cultural artifacts.In many cases, a research project can require multiple units of analysis. CHAPTER 1. The single case may focus on/employ a single unit of analysis or multiple units of analysis. Padilla’s (2009) Expert Model of Student Success was selected as the conceptual framework for this study. Typical concerns with conducting case studies are the intensity of the data collection process and the overload of information obtained. On the other hand, you could study student preparation for final exams by interviewing students in which the unit of analysis is the department and the unit of observation is still individual. Miscellaneous: closed or adaptive design: ok to change research design if initial suppositions In the second study, your goal might be to compare how different departments prepare so your analysis will focus on how the departments are similar or different. This may sound simple, but determining what the unit of analysis (case) is can be a challenge for both novice and seasoned researchers alike. Yin (1994) describes single and multiple case designs. The case serves as the main unit of analysis in a case . In this case, both are individual. The researcher might have orientated his or her study (guided by Problem might arise when the entire nature of the case study shifts, during the course of the study. the unit of analysis, and have used the case study method to develop rich and comprehensive understandings about people. must follow a “replication” design . Asking This multiple-case study research design examined three WIA out-of-school youth workforce development programs in Southern Nevada, with out-of-school youth participants as the embedded units of analysis. •Example: case study of how was the life history of a person; Unit of analysis or case can be “the individual” Can be the same as “case” in holistic single and multiple case study •Example: case study of how a group of software immigrants naturalize, Units of analysis… This points to the important difference between what Yin refers to as an ‘holistic’ case design, with a single unit of analysis, and an ’embedded’ case design with multiple units of analysis (Yin, 2009: 50-52). consider what the case is. A researcher might choose single-case study with single unit of analysis (holistic single-case design) over other method due to its convenience (only one unit of analysis is needed!). 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